Description

(Jane Garner)
•In psychodynamic theory:
1. The unconscious is ageless.
2. External reality is ignored.
3. Only experiences up to the age of 5 are
considered important.
4. The unconscious interacts with conscious
life.
5. An understanding of staff reactions to
a patient may elucidate some of the patient’s
problems.

•Psychotherapeutic capacities
6. Are only useful within a therapy session.
7. Preclude action8. Include the capacity
to contain anxiety.
9. May only be achieved through personal
analysis.
10. Include the ability to retaliate.

(Robert Howard)
•People with late onset schizophrenia
in comparison with those of younger onset:
11. Are more likely to have negative symptoms.
12. More often report tactile and olfactory
hallucinations.
13. More often have formal thought disorder.
14. Have more impaired psychosocial functioning.
15. Almost always have a full remission
in response to treatment.

(Gillian Stewart /Martin Zeidler)
•Most patients with CJD develop:
16. Ataxia.
17. Seizures.
18. Myoclonus.
19. Lower motor neuron signs.
20. Rapidly progressive dementia.

•The following are more common
in nvCJD than sporadic CJD:
21. Dysaesthesia.
22. Early psychiatric symptoms.
23. Illness duration longer than 6 months.
24. Young age.
25. A periodic EEG.

•The following are known to cause
iatrogenic CJD:
26. Dura mater grafts.
27. Heart transplants.
28. Corneal transplants.
29. Pituitary hormones.
30. Multiple blood transfusions.

(R.C. Baldwin)
•In the treatment of depression
in old age
31. Resistance should be defined by the
level of intervention tried.
32. One third of sufferers respond to the
first antidepressant tried.
33. One third of sufferers will not respond
to augmentation strategies or ECT.
34. It is normally worth increasing the
dose of tricyclic or SSRI before switching
to another drug.
35. It is often worth extending treatment
with an apparently inneffective antidepressant
to 9 weeks or longer.

•In the management of treatment
resistant depression in old age
36. Switching class of antidepressant is
well supported by published evidence.
37. MAOIs have been shown to be effective
in randomised controlled trials.
38. Lithium should not be considered before
MAOIs due to potential toxicity.
39. ECT is effective in around 50% of refractory
cases.
40. ECT generally produces remission for
18 months.

(J.A. Pascual)
•Falls in the elderly
41. Occur in approximately one third of
over 65s per year.
42. Mostly occur with retrograde amnesia
for the event.
43. Are three times more likely to cause
fracture in frail institutionalised elderly.
44. When causing hip fractures, have a 20%
mortality in the first year.
45. Are principally caused by environmental
hazards.

•In the management of falls in the elderly
46. Postural hypotension can be excluded
by a normal blood pressure at one minute.
47. Fludrocortisone should not be used as
it causes cardiac failure.
48. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is more
common with increasing age.
49. Pacemaker insertion is generally simple
and well tolerated.
50. Ambulatory ECG monitoring is the investigation
of choice for arrythmias.