Description
Heart failure common in old age, frequently causes hospital admission, and carries a poor prognosis. This article describes the nature of heart failure, and a systematic approach to diagnosis, investigation of the underlying cause and treatment. Randomised controlled trials of drugs inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, digoxin and beta adrenergic antagonists in patients with left ventricular systolic function are outlined. Practical approaches to the management of heart failure due to atrial fibrillation and aortic stenosis are described and drug-related problems are discussed. Evidence is given in support of the use of nurse practitioners to educate patients and monitor treatment.
